1.  MAKING A DIAGNOSIS:  


  Once it is safe to start giving treatment. You must first identity what is wrong with the casualty. The process by which you recognise what is wrong is called diagnosis : this will often involve suspicion rather than certainty. You diagnosis will be a conclusion.based upon a high degree of reasonable probability.on which you should be prepared to act. Making a diagnosis often rquires a thorough physical examination. Factors that will help you include history and clues to any medical condition.and symptoms and signs. 

   2.History 

   This is the full story of how the incident occurred. how the injury was sustained. or how the illness began. lt should include anything you can discover about past illness or injury. and should be obtained directly form the casualty. of he or she is unconscious. question onlookers. ln case of injury. try to from a complete picture of what took place. try to assess the amount of force involved. and how it was applied to cause injury. consider the casualty' s ahe and state of health. For example. a young. fit adult who trips over a kerb may sprain a wrist. Whereas frail elderly lady who does the same likely to break her arm. and possibly also her hip. 

Always ask whether the casualty is suffering form any illness and/or is taking any medicines. 

Try to establish who the casualty is. and where he or she lives. 

Make a note of all relevant information so that you can pass it on. 

1.2.2 symptoms And signs


Ever injury and illness manifests itself in distinctive ways that may help your diagnosis. These clues are divided into two groups. Symptoms and signs. Some will be obvious. but other valuable ones may be overlooked unless you examine the casualty thoroughly from head to toe. A conscious casualty should be examined. wherever possible. in the position found. or with any obvious injury comfortably supported an unconscious  casualty ' s airway must first be opened and secured Use your senses -lok. listen. feel and smell. Be quick and alert. but be thorough. and do not skimp or make assumptions. Ask the casualty to describe any sensation your touch causes as enough to ensure that you will fell any swelling or irregularity. or detect a tender spot. 

1.Symptoms 


These to are sensations that the casualty feels or experiences. and may be able to describe. You may need to ask questions to establish their presence or adsence. Ask a conscious casualty if there is any pain and exactly where it is felt Examine that part particularly. and then any other sites where phere pain is felt severe pain one place can mask a more serious.but less painful injury at another Other symptoms that may help you include nausea. giddiness. heat. cold. weakness. and impaired sensation All symptoms should be assessed and confirmed wherever appropriate. by an examination for signs of injury or illness.